Prioritizing the Humble Clam - Outside

Justin and Danielle Walker, owners and operators of Walkers Maine, a seafood restaurant in Cape Neddick, Maine, know clams. Several months ago, as part of the Ogunquit Soft Shell Clam Commission's clam flat re-seeding program (which has taken place every year since 2008 under the supervision of Shellfish Warden Everett Leach and other local wardens) Danielle arranged for some of her guests to go clamming on Ogunquit Beach.

"We went down and brought a group of our guests—about 30 of them—to the last day of clamming," Walker says. "We showed them how to harvest clams, how to find them, how to clean them, work with the product, and then, later in the evening they came back at 5 o'clock to the restaurant to have dinner."

The day was a success, and Danielle soon received a call from Everett Leach, the Shellfish Warden for the towns of Wells and Ogunquit, asking her if she would drum up some volunteers to help reseed the clam flats, part of an existing program that typically takes place in early spring.

The Whys and Hows of Reseeding Clams

Reseeding clams means just what it sounds like: these fingernail-sized mollusks are buried in mud in order to create pressure so the clams grow thicker, stronger shells. 

The process begins with volunteers digging numerous shallow trenches in the sand, where a net can be installed. Baby clams, also known as seed clams, are placed directly into muddy sand and then covered with the net. Reseeding plots are often denoted by buoys or flags, which can help clam farmers and marine biologists chart how many clams have dug into the sand, and how many have survived through the year. Clams naturally find a soft, muddy plot and attach to it for years at a time; netting simply helps these bivalves have a longer lifespan in a world filled with predators, tidal variation, and other natural variables.

Determining a possible success rate of reseeding is challenging, particularly in the face of the European green crab, which hitchhiked to the United States in the 1800s. The green crab, an invasive predator, has seen a spike in population with warmer sea temperatures. "The biggest thing that we're up against is the green crab population," Danielle explains. "The green crabs, even the small ones, go for the seed clams that are smaller than themselves." According to the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, these crustaceans can eat as many as 15 soft shell clams in a day, and it takes a single clam two years to grow to harvesting size.

Soft-shell clams, often referred to as steamer clams, though the shells are still firm and inedible, are not classified as an endangered species. However, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Organization, or NOAA, lists the species as particularly imperiled by ocean acidification, warming water temperatures, and warming air temperatures, and the National Environmental Education Center states that the average global sea surface temperature has been consistently higher during the past three decades than at any other time since record-keeping began in the late 1800s.

Other fish, though—most notably ama ebi, otherwise known as Maine shrimp, and certain species of tuna—have seen a more precipitous decline in numbers than clams, which are still readily available. For Danielle, who grew up in this area, prioritizing the humble clam is a way of recognizing an ecological moment that is actively unfolding. "As the years go on, we're harvesting less and less clams, not because we're allowed less, but there are less," she says. "There's perspective on it, for all of us who live here. You can still go and get what you want, but we don't go as often, just because we know that they're not there." Re-seeding clams now, she notes, can set up more robust populations for the future.

A Community Passionate About Clams 

Drawing attention to the reseed through social media, Danielle got about a dozen people to congregate in April. "The request was: Bring your garden weasel and bring your strength, we are going to rough up areas," she explains. The Downeast Institute, based in Machias—about four hours north—provided close to 50,000 clam babies for seeding, and the conservation committee flew a drone overhead to take photographs, recording how many clams had been seeded. Next year, conservation will return to these same spots to gauge the success of the program, and to make a plan of action for next year's seeding. 

Ultimately, Danielle, who hopes to be part of the future of reseeding at Ogunquit Beach, sees clam re-seeding as part of preemptive ecological work that can help to tackle a problem before it becomes endemic. "It's ahead of being endangered," she says. "It's inspiration to do something before you can't have it. It's the Maine shrimp. That's my analogy. It was here. It was cheap. And then it was gone. There was no in between. It's something that everyone misses."